Research Articles

Kaleva Park History

Cass Lake, West Bloomfield, MI

from “The Dixon Family page- www.dixonsite.net

(Grandpas Kyro section)

The Motion Picture Industry

One industry was not hurt by the Great Depression. During the 1930’s motion pictures were a growth industry. After the introduction of sound in 1927, movies began to gain in popularity at the expense of Vaudeville stage shows. The Great Depression enhanced the success of the movie business since movies were cheaper than the live actors of Vaudeville. Motion pictures were one of the few industries that grew and prospered during the great depression of the 1930’s There was a great increase in the number of movie theaters. Movies became the key form of popular entertainment in the United States and continued to dominate the entertainment field until the rise of television in the 1950’s.

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Richard Venos Interview

Interview date: 1/22/88 by Jim Laarman, GWBHS president

Notes transcribed Feb. 2012 by Sue Williams from cassette tape.

 

 

Venos was resident of Orchard Lake, lived on Orchard Lake Road. at Seminary Road. Property backed up to what is now St. Mary's land.

Served as O.L. police officer in the 50's.

Grew up in the area, his own children went to WBHS.

Was getting ready to move out of the area when this interview took place.

GFS Holiday House on Pine Lake research article. Meeting minute, pictures, misc articles.

1943 - Mr. Goepfert donated a gift of 20 trees to the Village in memory of
his late wife. They were planted Sunday morning in the boulevard of
Garland Ave. by a volunteer group of village residents. The memorial
trees were placed as main features of a landscaping plan developed by the
Sylvan Village Garden Club for the two lane section of Garland Ave. City
Council Trustee Beebe, supported by Trustee Hyde, moved that the
Garden Club be granted permission to have the gift trees from Mr.
Goepfert planted in accordance with the plan of the landscape program,
under the assistance of the Superintendent of Public Works and that the
yearly work of mulching around the trees be maintained by the Village.

Memorial Park
Originally Veteran’s Park
Dedicated to Veterans of All Wars
By the Citizens of Sylvan Lake

Village of Sylvan Lake Council Minutes:
June 20th, 1928 Village Council voted to purchase the acre of land situated on the westerly side of
Inverness Avenue and southerly side of Michigan Air-Line Railway- 209 ft. square, purchased at a price of $2500 from Merrill B. Mills.
March 6, 1929 It is the sense of the Board that a necessity exists for a municipal building to house
the various Village activities, equipment and property. Be it resolved that Charles Fisher, a regular
architect of Pontiac, Oakland County, Michigan, be and is hereby authorized and directed to prepare suitable plans and specifications for a municipal building.
April 5, 1929 Moved by Trustee Kaufman, supported by Trustee Dickie that the sketch of the Village office building as submitted by Charles Fisher be approved and that plans of same be completed. The bid of the Kratzer Company for the installation of a furnace at the Village Office Building for the sum of $298.30 be and is hereby accepted. A contract for the drilling of a well with 2” casing at the Village Office Building at $1.25 per foot be awarded to Stanley Shaver. The Plumbing contract for the Village Office Building be awarded to E. J. Duffy for the sum of $775.

The Detroit Free Press Fresh Air Camp operated during the 1920’s to 1950’s.
The Merrill Mills family gave the Free Press a restricted deed to the property
formerly occupied by Mills’ summer Sylvan Lake Inn. The newspaper
developed the property as a summer campground for underprivileged
children brought out from the city for two weeks of recreation. The project
was supported in part by city schoolchildren who sent in nickels to build the
camp. Camp activities included baseball games on the front lawn,
swimming, boating, and singing. At flag ceremonies each morning and
evening the camp children recited the Pledge of Allegiance. During the
weeknights the children would take turns entertaining the villagers with
songs and skits.

Tower Beach

 

Sylvan Lake, Oakland Co., Mich. August 18, 1918

 

When the Detroit and United Railway plotted its course through the Sylvan Lake area on its route between Pontiac and Detroit, local residents became more interested in the development of recreation. An amusement park called Tower Beach and a picnic spot called Happy Home in Voorheis Grove were developed. It became the “in” thing to pack up the whole family, a large picnic basket, mount the trolley car and spend the entire day fishing, swimming, bathing and enjoying their picnic lunch. The big day was climaxed by the trolley car ride back home.

Oakland County Book of History,

The Sesqui-Centennial Publication 1820 – 1970; Arthur A. Hagman, Editor

 

October 7, 1931 Tower Beach Bridge

 

Resolved by Trustee Cox, supported by Trustee Mitchell: that the Clerk be authorized to correspond with the proper authorities of the Michigan Eastern Railways in regard to getting information relative to securing the Tower Beach Bridge for the Village.

Yeas: Sener, Cox, Mitchell, Woodbridge Resolution adopted.

 

 

The late Daisy Worley remembered that the late Roy Durfee owned concessions at Tower Beach at the north end of the Lake. At the beach, people could rent a little cabin in which to change into their rented swimming suits. Boats were available for fishing. Visitors entertained themselves by taking a board to the top of the tall slide and sliding down into the lake. There were numerous injuries as the boards and people collided.

Whitfield School Boy Scout Troop 27 – 1945 or 46

Front Row: Ray Dahlgren, Bob Jones, Herbie Ward, Dick Prue, Clair Silas, ?, Ron Manning, Rich Leitner

Back Row: Jerry Webster, Bob Haney, Earl Kreps, Ron Weaver, Chuck Wixom, Joe Leavy, Art Fritz, Chuck Koella, Tom McHugh, Herb Terrick Scout Master; Jim McLean, Ray Schruba, Paul Bochnig

Identified by Joe Leavy and Ray Dahlgren

 

Scouting was a big thing then. There was no Lakeland Athletics. The troop went on overnight camping trips once a month. They would sleep in tents and cook their own food. Everyone was in Boy Scouts. Ray Dahlgren.

Sylvan Lake Fresh Air Camp and Community Center

When the Detroit and United Railway plotted its course through the Sylvan Lake area on its route between Pontiac and Detroit, local residents became more interested in the development of recreation. A summer hotel was built on a hilly point, which separates the two parts of the lake. In 1893, Merrill B. Mills, Mansfield Shelley, George Barbour, and J. Blair Simpson decided to establish a resort at Sylvan Lake. The center of the resort, a hotel, was erected on this site for $25,000. An article in the newspaper reveals that the resort was never a financial success. In 1903 the Sylvan Lake Inn burned down

For a number of years the Merrill Mills family gave to the Detroit Free Press a restricted deed to property formerly occupied by the Mills as a summer hotel. It became a summer camping ground for underprivileged children brought out from the inner city for two weeks of recreation. A building was erected and competent staff installed. According to Annalee Kennedy, (a long time Sylvan Lake resident) the staff was physical education students at Eastern Michigan Univ. Not only did the children enjoy two weeks of healthy atmosphere, but also entertainment was brought out from the city or recruited from the camp personnel for weekly programs. An invitation was extended to the town residents to share in the programs. When the “Fresh Air Camp” was disbanded in 1962, the campgrounds were deeded to the city. We can thank the Free Press for this precious gift to all of us for our enjoyment

The Sylvan Lake Community Center is the site of the former Detroit Free Press Fresh Air Camp that operated during the 1920’s, 30’s, 40’s, and 50’s. The project was also supported in part by city schoolchildren who sent in pennies to build the camp.

Several long-time Sylvan residents fondly recall their Fresh Air Camp memories:

Saturday nights at the camp found entertainers from Detroit brought out to perform for the children including such acts as Red Skeleton, Gene Krupa, the Andrews Sisters, and poet Edgar A. Guest.

Sylvan Villagers also took part in performing for the children. During the weeknights, the children would take turns entertaining the villagers with songs and skits.

I personally remember the camp children going for walks in the village. My sister, friends and I would sit on our front lawn and wave as the children walked by. They were usually walking two by two holding hands as they sang songs or a cadence as they walked.

We often came to this very room to participate in their evening activities. It might be movies or other entertainment. As I recall, we sat on the floor along with the campers. It was a highlight of our summer.

My mother, Helen Spark, a Daniel Whitfield teacher, was the Arts & Crafts teacher for one summer. I remember helping her with projects with the children.

Camp activities included baseball games on the front lawn, swimming, boating and singing.

At flag ceremonies each morning and evening the camp children recited the Pledge of Allegiance.

Every Sunday the children ate a chicken dinner provided by the owner of the Free Press.

Roy Gamble, a Sylvan resident and internationally known artist, painted murals on the outside of the dormitories depicting Little Red Riding Hood and Jack and the Beanstalk as well as other characters from children’s stories.

The children that lived in the village played with the camp children. The late Daisy Worley remembered going down to the camp at night to comfort crying, homesick city children.

Paul Goldman, a Sylvan Lake resident who happens to live next door to the Community Center, was a camper here during the 1940’s. He attended the camp for 3 years at the ages of 6, 7 and 8. Paul was a city boy who thought it was a great thing to be “out in the country” for 2 weeks in the summer. He remembers foot races and playing games. When they went for walks, it didn’t seem like walking in the village but walking in the country. At that time we had dirt streets and the houses weren’t that close together. Every morning they would wake up to revile which may have been played on a record. The campers would meet to say the Pledge of Allegiance as the flag was being raised. Paul recalls that the 2 weeks at camp was very, very inexpensive. He thinks his mother paid about $10 a week for his camping experience. All Paul remembers about the food was the “Bug Juice” as we called Cool-Aid at the time and having hamburgers as a special treat. He remembers the positive discipline and he has very good feelings about the camp. A city boy out in the country for 2 weeks each summer – what could be better?

This building was originally 2 buildings. This one was used for evening programs and camp activities. The other building was used for storage when the city acquired it. It was around 1976 that the two buildings were joined together. Volunteers renovated the Community Center many years ago. About 15 years ago, the second building cleared of storage. It is now available for rent for parties with the small kitchen area.

During the 1970’s, we had a co-op Nursery School here. We didn’t even have indoor plumbing to start with. I remember chopping a hole in the ice to get water to rinse out the potty-chairs we brought from home. The children had a lot of fun and developed many lasting friendships.

Also during the 1970’s, the building was used for a lot of Youth Activities. This room housed pool tables, Ping-Pong tables, and a jute box. They also held youth dances here. Parents and other adults volunteered their time to chaperone the weekly gathering of teens from Sylvan Lake.

There was a food co-op here for many years that was quite successful.

There was an attempt to make the lower basement level into a library. The basement proved to be too wet and the area is now empty.

The Sylvan Lake Kids Club meets here on a regular basis and is open to new membership.

This building is also home to the Leisurely Set, the senior citizens of our community. They meet every Thursday to play cards and euchre players are needed. A potluck luncheon is held the first Thursday of every month. They are open to membership.

The Sylvan Lake Garden Club also meets here monthly and they are open to new members. We can thank the Garden Club for their yearly Ice Cream Social and for the wreath they donate every Memorial Day.

The Fresh Air Camp, now Sylvan Lake Community Center is available to rent for parties and family gatherings. We are very fortunate to have this beautiful area available to all of us. We can thank Mr. Merrill and the Free Press for their generosity.

A talk given by Helen Jane Peters for Sylvan Lake’s 50^th Anniversary as a city, July 1997.

Sylvan Lake “Treasures from the Deep”

Bob Grattan has been scuba diving in Sylvan Lake this summer. He has shared several items with the City for our Historical Displays. Bob is holding a lantern he found in the water near Ferndale Park. He believes it was once used as a light on a large tour boat or boat used to transport people around the lake. It’s a brass oil lamp with two green lights to be used as signals. It was probably made in the late 1800’s or early 1900’s. Possibly used on a boat connected with Sylvan Lake Inn. Any information on a tour boat would be greatly appreciated.

 

The most prized discoveries from Bob’s diving are 2 brass tags embossed with “F. P. Camp and numbers. F. P. Camp stands for “Free Press Camp. The camp was located on what is now the Community Center property from 1906 to 1961. The brass tags were used to identify beach towels at the camp. Also a token that reads: “Detroit Free Press Fresh Air Camp” on one side and “1 cent at Store” on the other side. Campers could redeem the token for a prize at the Camp Store. We have many pictures of the camp but these are the first tangible items.

Pictured below are several bottles Bob found in the lake. The largest clear bottle is from the Hayner Distilling Co. of Dayton, OH. and is dated Nov. 30, 1897.

The brown bottle is from C Pfeffer Bottling Co., Detroit, MI

The light green bottle says: West Side Brewery Company, Detroit, Mich. – Registered

The two smaller green bottles were “Pop Bottles”. One is from A. G. Osmer & Co, Owosso, Mich. The other from M. Jos. De Cuise, Detroit, Mich.

Victory Gardens

As part of the war effort, the government rationed foods like sugar, butter, milk, cheese, eggs, coffee, meat and canned goods. Labor and transportation shortages made it hard to harvest and move fruits and vegetables to market. So, the government turned to its citizens and encouraged them to plant "Victory Gardens." They wanted individuals to provide their own fruits and vegetables.

Nearly 20 million Americans answered the call. They planted gardens in backyards, empty lots and even city rooftops. Neighbors pooled their resources, planted different kinds of foods and formed cooperatives, all in the name of patriotism.

The basic produce types commonly suggested were:

Beans Beets Carrots Peas Radishes Lettuce Spinach Chard Onions Cucumbers Parsley Kohlrabi Summer Squash

Corn Parsnips Leeks Turnips Cabbage Brussels Sprouts Broccoli Peppers Cauliflower Tomatoes Eggplant Endive Rutabagas

Emphasis was placed on making gardening a family or community effort - not drudgery, but a pastime, and a national duty.

April 5, 1944

President Jarvis commented on the Garden Club’s program for the 1944 Victory gardens outlined in their recent letter distributed to all Villagers and expressed appreciation for a real civic accomplishment.

Village of Sylvan Lake

 

By 1921, the community had grown sufficiently to be incorporated as a village. On May 31 of that year, Henry J. Stickel was elected the first president of the Village. The first Board of Trustees consisted of Charles Fisher, Fred Ebner, William J. O’Riley, and Leon F. Owen. Meetings were to be held in the members’ homes or at the Oakland County Boat Club.

 

One of the first orders of business for the new governing body was a resolution to apply for a loan of $1500 from the American Savings Bank at not more than seven percent interest for the years running expenses of the Village. Also adopted was a petition to ask for a United States Post Office. The petition was granted and the first Post Office was built at the corner of Pontiac Drive and Garland Street. Mrs. John Bitzer was the first postmistress.

 

A two-room elementary school was built on Orchard Lake Ave. and was called the Skae School. This was later replaced by an attractive cottage-type school. It was designed and built by architect Charles Fisher on land donated by Daniel Whitfield. The new school was names for Whitfield. The school population was later divided between the school systems of West Bloomfield, Bloomfield Township and the City of Pontiac.

 

In talking with early residents, there is often mention of the “first eight” families who came to make their homes in Sylvan Lake. The names of the Charles Fishers, the Fred Ebner’s, the Robert Kings, the Frank Philipses, the Frederick Dawson’s, the Henry Stickel’s, the Thomas Rowland’s, the James McKee’s and the Theodore Strong’s often recur in the history of the village’s activities.

 

With the idea of making Sylvan Lake essentially a residence community, every effort was made to beautify the town. Several parks were developed, including War Memorial Park at the corner of Garland and Pontiac Drive. This is always kept supplied with wreaths or fresh flowers. On Memorial Day, the community conducts special memorial services.

 

Sylvan Lake also made efforts to make their community a more safe and efficient one. The Board of Trustees hired Harland Bicking as the first village clerk and treasurer at the salary of $100 per year. Henry Harpster accepted the job of village attorney at $350 per year. Evidently, the village anticipated more trouble than money.

 

Detroit Edison was asked to install 50 streetlights and the Michigan State Telephone Company was invited to bring in a telephone system. A proposition to borrow $5000 to build and equip a Town Hall was voted down by the citizens.

 

In February 1947, the Village became the City of Sylvan Lake, Leo Donaldson became the first mayor. The first City Council included Anthony J. Kreps, Howard Wideman, Leon Skelley and Trafton Smith. The present City Hall, built in 1929, also houses the Police Department. The population has increased from 1041 in 1940 to the present figure of 2250. The city adopted the slogan “The Prettiest Little City in the State of Michigan” as its official title. Sylvan Lake’s equalized valuation has increased from $916,800 in 1928 to $8,8820,049 in 1970. The city also contains 8 ½ miles of paved streets.

 

The Countryside Improvement Association, as reported in the Summer newsletter (Greater West Bloomfield Historical Society), is celebrating 75 years of philanthropic activity in West Bloomfield. One of their 1920 projects, as reported by Gail Smith, occurred when…” it was brought to our notice that the (Detroit) Free Press Fresh Air Camp very much needed a suitable place for the children to eat. The first reaction to this was an appropriation of one hundred dollars, but just prior to paying this amount, our president made a personal visit to the damp and realized that wind and rain and clouds of flies just isn’t an added comfort when one is eating, and resolved that if the organization was assuming this responsibility, it must be done worthily. So we rallied to the challenge and began planning ways and means of raising the money. Dancing parties at the club, card parties everywhere, bake sales, etc. This went on until we had a sufficient sum to make a start toward an attractive, screened, and convenient mess hall, the plans having been donated by Albert Kahn. Mrs. Kahn was a member of the association. On July 10, 1920, we dedicated the building and named it Humphrey Hall, (now Sylvan Lake Community Center) after Miss Humphrey, who had given much of her time and thought to the carrying on of the work begun by Mr. Arthur Mosely at an earlier date.”

 

And coincidently, the Kahn’s daughter, Rosalie Butzel, has just donated to the society, Albert’s street and name sign for his famed “Summer Cottage”. (1917-1968, located on the north side of Walnut Lake) along with a 3 story hand-carved bird house constructed by Mr. Hamlin, a conductor on the Farmington-Orchard Lake Interurban line, caretaker of the Campbell complex on Apple Island (1902-1905), and father of Winford Hamlin, Albert Kahn’s caretaker for forty years, who is himself quite a crafty woodworker. It was Winford, you may recall, 93 years young, that gave us a working model of the water-barrel cart and Apple Island ferry at the last annual meeting of the Society.

 

The Oakland County Boat Club was started by seventeen men in 1912. They held monthly meetings at their homes until 1916 when the present clubhouse was built. Community meetings for the Sylvan Lake City Council and the Garden Club were frequently held at the Boat Club. The club was built on pilings and had boat wells under the structure. In the 1930’s the clubhouse was moved back seventy feet to the present location.

Power boats dominated the club until World War II when sailboats took over with the fuel restrictions. Every Sunday morning in the summer, a canon would fire signaling a sailing race. The boat club had 19 members in the armed services at this time. After the war the club returned to their annual power boat regatta and had one or two per year up to the present time. They also sponsor the annual fireworks display along with the city.

Founders of the Oakland County Boat Club – Mary TePoorten Sax

The original building was used as a social center. There was a piano, played by Frank Phillips, and a singer, Dr. Bernard TePoorten. Dr. TePoorten loved to dance and sang very well. Bernard and Frank became friends as they offered to the group the primary source of music. Men and women came here every Saturday night. Coffee and doughnuts were served while the couples square danced, waltzed and fox trotted, and did the two step. Upstairs were poker tables. When these tables were not in use, they held people’s coats. The small babies were placed on these coats. At midnight, everyone went home.

Along with Dr. TePoorten and Frank Phillips, there developed a core group: The Owens brothers, Bill Knudsen, Elmer Fezzey, Charles Schlack, Mr. Farlow, Don MacDonald and his brother. The Owens brothers had boats. Form this group emerged the Oakland County Boat Club. Prior to the action of the above listed men, this was primarily a dwelling which they used for social gatherings. They have been known for years as the founders of the Oakland County Boat Club.

Phillips and TePoorten were not hired performers but were a part of the social group who loved to sing and play the piano.

The Beginning of the O. C. B. C.

Listening to a couple of old-timers reminiscing the early days of Sylvan Lake, when the residences were few, located in the area now known as Pioneer Highlands – James K Boulevard, also a few cottages near the present Boat Club site. The old D. U. R. Railroad would clatter in from Detroit and Pontiac down Garland Avenue’s north end to Sylvan Aqua and Tower Beach where the Bath House, Band Stand and Dance Hall were located.

From a group of local commuting boat enthusiasts the Club was founded and the Club-house was built. There were 13 motor boats on the lake which called for an annual race regatta.

Over the years of diligent efforts of a dedicated membership, thru fellowship and sportsmanship, the Club has enjoyed success n social benevolence.

From the July 31, 1960           44^th Annual Regatta Program.

World War II victory garden poster, Office of War Information, 1943

Victory Gardens

Victory Gardens were planted on Central Avenue and Woodland Street during the 1940’s. The late Mrs. Josephine James and the late Mrs. Georgia Cleveland remember the Sylvan Lake Victory Gardens.

April 5, 1944 Sylvan Lake Village Council Minutes

Sylvan Lake President Jarvis commented on the Garden Club’s program for the 1944 Victory gardens outlined in their recent letter distributed to all Villagers and expressed appreciation for a real civic accomplishment.

As part of the war effort, the government rationed foods like sugar, butter, milk, cheese, eggs, coffee, meat and canned goods. Labor and transportation shortages made it hard to harvest and move fruits and vegetables to market. So, the government turned to its citizens and encouraged them to plant "Victory Gardens." Nearly 20 million Americans answered the call. Neighbors pooled their resources, planted different kinds of foods and formed cooperatives, all in the name of patriotism.

With the current economic times, perhaps it’s time to plant Victory Gardens again.

~~~~~~~~~~~

Daniel Whitfield School Reunion
The reunion will take place on Sunday, August 2nd, 2009, from 1:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. at the Sylvan Lake Community Center. If you or your children attended Whitfield School, we invite you to attend and please invite your classmates. Please bring photos from Whitfield/Sylvan Lake. Contact Helen Jane Peters for more information.

Pontiac High School Alumni Party
The party will be on Saturday, August 1st, 2009, beginning at 5:00 p.m. Saturday evening. The location is at the Pontiac/Waterford Elks Club on Scott Lake Road in Waterford.

Sylvan Lake was incorporated into a Village in 1921 and as a City in 1947.

 Village of Sylvan Lake Council Minutes:

June 20^th, 1928 The Village purchased an acre of land on Inverness for $2500 from Merrill B. Mills.

March 6, 1929 The Village decided there was a need for a municipal building to house various Village activities, equipment and property. Charles Fisher was authorized to design City Hall.

June 5, 1929 Kratzer Company installed the furnace in City Hall for $298.30. Stanley Shaver drilled the well for $1.25 per foot. The plumbing contract was awarded to E. J. Duffy for $775.00.

1. Introduction – South End
As you walk along this old Grand Trunk
Michigan “Air Line” railroad bed, you are
also following the path of a light-rail, mass transit system whose track
paralleled the Grand Trunk line. The Detroit and Northwestern Railroad laid the
rail. By 1901, this line was purchased by a group of businessmen from Cleveland,
Ohio. Under the direction of Jere Hutchins, Detroit’s 30 independent street
rail companies were unified and collectively named Detroit United Railway’s
interurban line (D.U.R.). The Orchard Lake Division of the Interurban ran
along Grand River Avenue from Detroit into Farmington. The line then split
at Farmington Junction located at Grand River and Orchard Lake Road. The
northern half of the split then ran up Orchard Lake Road into West Bloomfield
Township. The D.U.R.’s electric trolleys ran every 20 minutes, carrying
passengers and cargo into the Lakes Area and beyond, terminating in Pontiac.

By 1895, every self-respecting village
had its own street railway, and most
of these lines were electrified. They
were no longer limited by the distance
a horse could walk, but only by
population demands. If the electrics
were to prosper, people must be lured
outside the cities. Railway-built
amusement parks sprang up, miles
out of town. It was no coincidence
that the car line ended there. Cars
were chartered, and clubs held
picnics and athletic events, requiring
the operation of “specials” to the
parks. The lines pulled a few tricks of
their own, such as balloon ascensions
and bicycles races, designed to send
the fun-loving American running to
the “end of the line.”
– Excerpt from “Detroit; its Trolleys
and Interurbans,” 1976

History of the short live Walnut Lake Fire department. Existing from October 1950 until February 1952. Absorbed by the West Bloomfield Fire Department. Incorporated by Roscoe Banker.

1895 - G.F.S. - Opening at Pine Lake A large company of visitors attended the opening and house warming of the Girls’ Friendly Society’s Pine Lake “Holiday House,” at Howard Park, this place, on June 22nd, by invitation of Miss Francis W. Sibley, President. The “Holiday House,” which will provide needed rest and recreation for many a hard working young woman, who would otherwise be deprived of it, owes its equipment to the energetic efforts of Miss Sibley and her Associates, who have personally socilicted contributions of the many household articles needed to make it comfortable. The house was formally opened with a short service of prayer, conducted by the Chapln of the Society, the Rev. Dr. William Prall, after which tea was served, and an enjoyable social gathering followed.